Librarianship and Changing Trend of Library Services

Introduction: In the ever-changing landscape of the information society, the roles of Library and Information Science (LIS) professionals are undergoing a transformative shift. As visionary management writer Edward De Bono prophesied, two essential disciplines are emerging – the information broker and the information designer. Both roles hold immense significance in a world inundated with vast information.

The information broker is the collector, sorter, explorer, synthesizer, and information reviewer. They serve as navigators, guiding individuals through the sea of knowledge to find the most relevant and valuable resources. On the other hand, the information designer possesses the skill to present information in a concise and easily digestible format. In a society where time is of the essence, the ability to absorb information at a glance is invaluable.

LIS professionals face a significant challenge from the profit sector of information services, where the demand for skilled information designers is rising. However, they need not be passive observers of this trend. Librarians are uniquely positioned to excel in both roles, serving as indispensable information brokers and designers. It’s a matter of developing existing competencies and acquiring new ones to stay relevant in an ever-evolving landscape.

One of the key challenges in librarianship lies in the variation of standards across different libraries and training programs. To address this issue, the National Policy on Library and Information Systems (LIS) of 1986 recommended the establishment of an accreditation agency to ensure the quality of training imparted to LIS professionals. This emphasis on training quality underscores these professionals’ need for structured competencies.

By identifying the competencies lacking among LIS professionals and addressing the gaps in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and work habits, individuals can benchmark themselves against best practices. Continuous professional development becomes essential in this rapidly expanding field, where library and information services undergo swift changes.

1.1 Librarianship as a profession:

The term “profession” originates from the concept of work that individuals are called upon to undertake. According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, a profession is described as “A type of job that requires special training or skill, especially one that needs a high level of education.” Similarly, the Webster Comprehensive Dictionary defines a profession as “An occupation that involves liberal education or its equivalent, emphasizing mental rather than manual labor.” Esteemed social scientists A. M. Can-Saunders and P. A. Wilson, in their article on Professions, state that a profession is a vocation founded upon prolonged and specialized intellectual training, enabling the rendering of particular services (Chakrabarty, 1993, p.281).

Essentially, a profession is an occupation that exhibits the following attributes:

1. Based on liberal education,
2. Requires a definite period of training offered by specialized schools,
3. Involves a definite body of knowledge rather than mere skill,
4. Results in practical work rather than solely research or investigation,
5. Devoted to service to society rather than financial gain,
6. Concerned with some human or social need,
7. Governed by a code of ethics,
8. Usually represented by a national organization,
9. Requires mental rather than manual labor.

Exploring the literature on professionalism reveals a few key characteristics, including expertise gained from specialized training, the autonomy to make choices, commitment to work and profession, adherence to ethics, and the maintenance of standards (Goswami & Gaur, 1998, p. 8).

Throughout history, librarianship has evolved as a vocation, but its status as a profession has been subject to debate. While some consider it an occupation, others argue that, like any other profession, librarianship embodies the attributes of a profession. Pierce Butler, in 1951, expressed belief in librarianship as a profession (Chakrabarty, 1993, p. 286). Librarianship has been deemed “essential” and a “service” profession, with numerous pieces of evidence and a strong foundation supporting its professional standing. A thorough examination of the attributes mentioned earlier confirms that librarianship possesses all the essential qualities of a profession. Like other professions, its expertise is grounded in scientific knowledge and upholds a specific code of ethics, prioritizing service to readers and clients.

Librarianship, through its dedication to specialized knowledge, service, and ethical conduct, firmly aligns with the characteristics of a profession. Embracing these attributes, librarians are essential as knowledge facilitators and information stewards in the ever-changing information landscape.

1.2 Emerging Challenges Before Librarianship.

The ever-changing landscape of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the exponential growth of information have brought forth various challenges for librarianship. As highlighted by Das and Halder (2015), the following factors shape the modern challenges faced by librarians:

• a) The unpredictable and unquantifiable exponential growth of knowledge leads to an overwhelming proliferation of literature.
• b) The swift integration of Information Technology as an essential tool to enhance operational efficiency and revolutionize communication methods.
• c) The evolution of interdisciplinary subjects demands that librarians adapt to diverse and interconnected knowledge domains.
• d) Escalating resource costs paired with declining budgetary allocations, posing financial constraints.
• e) The emergence of self-informed users who rely on alternative sources for their information needs.
• f) Social pressures and globalization influence users to seek information beyond traditional library settings.
• g) The diversification of information sources into various formats calls for versatile skills from librarians.
• h) The increasing demands for user information necessitate timely and accurate responses.
• i) The challenge of managing expanding resources with limited physical space.

Within librarianship, three interconnected spheres exist – the sphere of optimum content, the operational or mechanical sphere, and the sphere of maximum context. ICT enhances speed, accuracy, and efficiency in the second sphere. However, LIS professionals must understand that while technology is a valuable instrument, librarianship remains a service-oriented profession. Therefore, it is incumbent upon librarians to comprehend the needs of the services they provide, ensuring that technology complements rather than supplants their essential role.

In the face of rapid technological advancements, librarians must continually adapt, innovate, and embrace change to remain relevant in the information landscape. By striking a harmonious balance between technological integration and personalized service, librarians can effectively meet the evolving needs of users and reaffirm their indispensable role in facilitating access to knowledge and information.

1.3 Changing Trends in Library Services.

Change is an inherent aspect of life, representing growth and development. Libraries and Information centers, being an integral part of society, cannot remain unaffected by the passage of time. They must adapt to ensure their continued growth and survival. The dynamics of change in library services encompass various aspects, including processes, services, and products. Several fundamental factors have contributed to the transformation of Libraries and Information centers:

a) Computerization and Communication networks,

b) Restructuring the economy,

c) Social and political transformations, and

d) Financial pressures.

The advent of the new age of librarianship has ushered in significant and dramatic changes. One of the most notable paradigm shifts is the move from a possession-oriented approach to one focused on providing access. The profession has witnessed various shifts, including:

❖ Transformation from being custodians to facilitators,
❖ A shift from guardians to becoming friends of users,
❖ Changing from readers to serving the needs of users,
❖ Transitioning from time-bound access to providing anytime access,
❖ Shifting from space-bound access to offering anytime access,
❖ Changing the focus from being library-centered to user-centered,
❖ Embracing flexibility over rigidity,
❖ Transitioning from an ascetic environment to a more informal setting,
❖ Encouraging the creation of information commons,
❖ Embracing diversified formats instead of relying solely on one,
❖ Moving from providing direction to encouraging user participation,
❖ Shifting from copyright leadership to embracing heuristics,
❖ Transitioning from acquisition-focused approaches to prioritizing access.

As the realm of Library and Information Science continues to evolve, librarians and information professionals must embrace these changes to remain relevant and effectively cater to the evolving needs of their users.

1.4 Managing Change in Libraries.

Change is an inevitable and essential aspect of life, and libraries and their professionals must embrace it to stay relevant and ahead of the curve. However, managing change is not about implementing it for the sake of it, but rather for achieving improved quality and efficiency in service. To navigate the process effectively, specific strategies need to be adopted, including:

a) Recognizing the Need for Change: It is crucial to assess whether change is necessary and aligns with the organization’s goals and direction. Questions regarding the services provided, their relevance, and meeting users’ evolving information needs must be addressed.

b) Overcoming Resistance to Change: Resistance is a common challenge when implementing change. To mitigate this, clear communication, building trust, fostering open dialogue, and encouraging employee participation are vital steps in overcoming resistance.

c) Approaches to Implement Change: Various approaches can be taken to implement change successfully. Among these, the rationale or self-interest change strategy proves to be effective. This approach involves inviting employees to participate in the change process, offering motivation or incentives, ensuring effective communication, and providing continuous feedback for progress evaluation.

Implementing changes falls on the entire library staff, including professionals and non-professionals. Leaders within the organization have a critical role in fostering new values, attitudes, and behavior among individuals and groups. As described by Noel M. Tichy, effective leadership characteristics include courage, commitment, faith in people, interpersonal skills, empowerment, value-driven vision, and effective communication.

Embracing change in libraries requires a collective effort guided by visionary leaders and a shared commitment to improving services and adapting to the evolving needs of users. Libraries can thrive in the ever-changing information landscape by fostering continuous improvement and open communication.

1.5 Application of Information and Communication Technology in Library and Information Centers:

The rapid advancement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has significantly impacted all aspects of society, including libraries and information centers. As technology continues to evolve, its application in these institutions has revolutionized how information is accessed, managed, and disseminated, enhancing overall efficiency and user experience.

1. Digitization of Collections: Digitization involves converting physical resources, such as books, manuscripts, photographs, maps, and audiovisual materials, into digital formats. This process preserves valuable and rare materials while making them accessible to a broader audience. Users can access these digital collections remotely, breaking geographical barriers and enriching research opportunities.
2. Online Catalogs and Databases: Online catalogs and databases allow users to search for and access library resources from their computers or mobile devices. These digital platforms enable users to find relevant materials more efficiently, reducing the time spent searching physical shelves.
3. Electronic Resources and E-Books: ICT has enabled libraries to acquire and provide many electronic resources, including e-books, academic journals, and research articles. Users can access these resources 24/7, empowering self-directed learning and research.
4. Library Management Systems: Library management systems powered by ICT streamline administrative tasks, such as cataloging, circulation, acquisitions, and budget management. These systems enhance library operations and enable librarians to focus on providing better services to users.
5. Virtual Libraries and Digital Repositories: Virtual libraries and digital repositories serve as online hubs for storing and disseminating scholarly works, research data, theses, dissertations, and reports. These platforms facilitate easy access to academic content and foster collaboration among researchers and scholars.
6. Information Retrieval and Search Engines: ICT tools have improved information retrieval through advanced search engines and algorithms. Users can find relevant information quickly and accurately, refining search results based on various parameters.
7. Online Reference Services: ICT has expanded reference services beyond the physical library space. Users can now seek assistance from librarians through virtual chat or email services, receiving timely and personalized support from the comfort of their homes.
8. Webinars and Online Learning: Libraries leverage ICT to conduct webinars, workshops, and online learning sessions, catering to the professional development needs of librarians and extending educational opportunities to library patrons.
9. Social Media and Communication: Libraries utilize social media platforms to engage with users, announce events, share library updates, and showcase services. Social media facilitates interactive communication with users, building stronger connections with the community.
10. Data Analytics and User Analytics: ICT tools help libraries analyze user behavior, preferences, and usage patterns. Data analytics aid in understanding user needs, leading to informed decisions on improving services and tailoring collections.

The application of ICT in libraries and information centers has revolutionized how users interact with information and services. Digital transformation has made libraries more accessible, efficient, and user-centered, fostering a seamless and enriching user experience. Embracing ICT is crucial for libraries to remain relevant in the digital age and empowers them to be proactive knowledge hubs that support research, learning, and intellectual exploration.

1.6 How has the librarian role evolved with technology integration in library services?

Technology integration has revolutionized the traditional role of librarians, propelling them into dynamic positions that extend far beyond the confines of physical bookshelves. The librarian’s role has metamorphosed from a custodian of printed knowledge to a multifaceted information professional adept at navigating the digital frontier. With the advent of electronic collections, librarians are now curators of vast online repositories, managing e-books, digital databases, and electronic journals. In this digital age, librarians serve as navigators through the intricate maze of information by providing expertise in database use, guiding users in effective information retrieval, and imparting essential skills for evaluating the credibility of digital resources. Beyond stewardship of collections, librarians have become educators, leading initiatives in digital literacy programs, offering online tutorials, and conducting workshops to equip users with the skills necessary to navigate the complexities of the internet. The evolution extends into research services, where librarians collaborate with IT professionals to seamlessly integrate technology, aiding researchers in utilizing digital tools and managing research data effectively. As librarians embrace virtual reference services, engage in social media outreach, and champion open access initiatives, their roles underscore a commitment to adaptability, community engagement, and the democratization of information in an ever-evolving digital landscape.

Technology integration has significantly transformed the role of librarians, reshaping traditional practices and expanding the scope of library services. Several key shifts highlight the evolution of librarians’ roles in the digital age:

• Custodians of Digital Collections: In the digital age, librarians have become guardians of extensive electronic collections. This involves acquiring and organizing digital resources and navigating the intricacies of licensing agreements and copyright considerations. Librarians must ensure the accessibility and relevance of these collections, continually adapting to new technologies and emerging formats. Digital preservation is critical, requiring librarians to employ strategies that safeguard the long-term availability of electronic materials.
• Navigators of Information in the Digital Maze: Librarians navigate the vast expanse of digital information. They possess database utilization and search engine optimization expertise, guiding users in effective information retrieval. Librarians curate digital pathways, helping users discern reliable sources from online resources. This role involves staying abreast of evolving search algorithms and teaching users to employ advanced search techniques to obtain accurate and pertinent information.
• Educators in Digital Literacy: The evolution of librarians into educators encompasses developing and implementing digital literacy programs. Librarians design and conduct workshops, tutorials, and training sessions on topics ranging from evaluating the credibility of online information to using digital tools for research and communication. These initiatives empower users with the skills necessary to engage with digital content critically, fostering a community adept at navigating the complexities of the digital landscape.
• Collaborators in Research Services: Librarians have become integral collaborators in the research process. Beyond traditional reference services, they now guide researchers in utilizing digital research tools, managing research data, and ensuring compliance with ethical standards. Librarians contribute to advancing open-access initiatives, promoting the dissemination of research findings to a global audience, and enhancing the visibility of scholarly work.
• Virtual Reference Services and Social Media Engagement: Virtual reference services extend librarians’ reach beyond the library’s physical confines. Through chat, email, or video conferencing, librarians provide real-time assistance to users, enhancing accessibility and user support. Additionally, librarians leverage social media platforms to engage with the community, share information about library resources, and foster connections. Social media has become a dynamic channel for communication, outreach, and community building.
• Champions of Open Access and Digital Ethics: Librarians actively advocate for open access to information, contributing to the broader democratization of knowledge. They navigate issues related to digital ethics, emphasizing user privacy and responsible information use. Librarians ensure that digital services align with ethical standards and legal considerations, fostering a culture of digital citizenship within the community.

The evolution of the librarian’s role in the context of technology integration underscores the profession’s adaptability and commitment to providing relevant, accessible, and innovative library services. As the custodians of digital knowledge, navigators of the information landscape, educators in digital literacy, collaborators in research endeavors, and champions of open access, librarians are instrumental in shaping the future of libraries. Their multifaceted roles highlight the transformation of library services and the enduring importance of librarians in guiding individuals through the complexities of the digital age. Today’s librarian is a dynamic and vital force, navigating the digital frontier to ensure libraries remain vibrant, inclusive, and indispensable in their communities.

1.7 How does the shift toward digital resources impact the traditional role of libraries and librarians?

The advent of the digital age has ushered in a transformative shift in the landscape of libraries, fundamentally altering the traditional roles of both libraries and librarians. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected and information is accessible at the click of a button, libraries are no longer confined to brick-and-mortar structures housing printed volumes. The shift toward digital resources has redefined the very essence of libraries, turning them into dynamic hubs of virtual knowledge. In this era of information abundance, librarians navigate new terrains, evolving from guardians of physical collections to digital curators and tech-savvy information navigators. The traditional notion of libraries as quiet sanctuaries for books is now interwoven with a complex tapestry of online databases, e-books, and multimedia resources. This evolution necessitates reimagining the librarian’s role, encompassing digital literacy instruction, proficiency in navigating electronic databases, and championing open-access initiatives.

The shift toward digital resources has profoundly impacted the traditional role of libraries and librarians, transforming both the nature of library services and the expectations placed on those who manage them. Here are several ways in which this shift has reshaped the traditional roles:

1. Evolution from Print to Digital Collections:
   • Traditional Role: Libraries were traditionally seen as repositories of printed materials, emphasizing physical books and periodicals.
   • Impact: The rise of digital resources has prompted libraries to diversify their collections to include e-books, online databases, digital archives, and multimedia materials. Librarians now manage a blend of physical and digital resources.
2. Information Accessibility and Remote Services:
   • Traditional Role: Libraries were often associated with physical visits, where patrons browsed shelves and accessed resources on-site.
   • Impact: Digital resources enable remote access to information, transforming the library into a virtual space. Librarians facilitate online access, provide virtual reference services, and assist patrons accessing materials from anywhere.
3. Digital Literacy Instruction:
   • Traditional Role: Librarians historically assisted patrons with basic research skills and navigating physical collections.
   • Impact: Librarians are now educators in digital literacy, guiding users in evaluating online information, using electronic databases, and navigating the complexities of the internet. They are crucial in empowering patrons to navigate the digital landscape effectively.
4. Tech-Savvy Information Navigators:
   • Traditional Role: Librarians were perceived as knowledge keepers within the library’s physical walls.
   • Impact: Librarians have become tech-savvy navigators adept at managing and curating digital collections. They help users navigate online databases, recommend appropriate search strategies, and ensure the responsible use of digital resources.
5. Community Engagement through Online Platforms:
   • Traditional Role: Libraries served as community gathering spaces for events, book clubs, and educational programs.
   • Impact: With digital resources, librarians extend community engagement to online platforms. Social media, virtual events, and digital communication have become essential for connecting with patrons, sharing information, and fostering community.
6. Advocacy for Open Access:
   • Traditional Role: Libraries have long advocated for intellectual freedom, but physical limitations often constrain access to information.
   • Impact: Librarians now champion open-access initiatives, advocating for the unrestricted availability of scholarly information. They play a vital role in promoting open-access repositories and supporting the dissemination of knowledge beyond traditional publishing models.
7. Adaptation to Technological Changes:
   • Traditional Role: Libraries operated within established systems, and changes were gradual.
   • Impact: Librarians must adapt rapidly to technological advancements, such as new library management systems, digital preservation techniques, and emerging technologies. Continuous learning and staying abreast of digital trends are now integral to the librarian’s role.
8. Data Management and Research Support:
   • Traditional Role: Libraries supported research primarily through access to printed materials.
   • Impact: Librarians are now actively involved in data management, assisting researchers in navigating digital tools, ensuring compliance with ethical standards, and supporting the open sharing of research data.

In essence, the shift toward digital resources has expanded the scope of libraries and redefined the roles of librarians. Librarians today must be versatile, tech-savvy, and deeply engaged in facilitating access to information in its myriad digital forms, ensuring that libraries remain vibrant and relevant in the rapidly evolving information landscape.

Reference Article:

1. Deepa, B. (2017). The factors of competency development among the working library professionals of the university libraries of North East India challenges and realities. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10603/207716